Research on the expression of viral DNA within the human genome furthers our understanding of human evolution and embryonic development
Singapore – The human genome is the blueprint for human life, but much of this blueprint still remains a mystery. Researchers from A*STAR’s Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) have now discovered that sequences from old viruses that were thought to be useless, might contribute to the earliest cell types in the human life cycle. These newly discovered viral elements can be used to identify new types of embryonic stem cells, opening more possibilities to understanding human development and diseases.
The viral sequences that are the focus of the discovery are similar to retroviruses , but since they are a part of the human genome, they are known as endogenous retroviruses (ERV). ERVs are able to reinsert another copy of their own DNA into the human genome once they are activated. Since they mainly multiply their own DNA, they are sometimes referred to as ‘selfish DNA’. Because of their ‘selfishness’, ERVs are potentially dangerous when they destroy genes that are essential to human life. In a study recently published in Cell Stem Cell, scientists describe that many ERVs are activated in cells from early embryos, but instead of being harmful, they might have become useful over the course of evolution.
Genes that are activated are transcribed into RNA to function. Therefore, scientists investigate the RNAs in the cell to identify active genes. “When we investigated public data from embryonic cells, we found that many RNAs originated from regions in the human genome that are ERVs,” explained GIS Fellow Dr Jonathan Göke, who led the study. “We did not only observe isolated events, but systematic activation of these ERVs. Every cell type showed transcription of specific classes, something that is very unlikely to occur by chance”.
“Many ERV elements are only fragments of the full viruses,” added Dr Göke. “They maintain the activation sequence, but the RNA that they generate can be very different from the RNA that retroviruses generate”. In many cases, these ERV-RNAs are even parts of RNAs generated from other genes. This way, ERVs might have evolved to gain a new function; they might have become a part of the blueprint for human life.
ERVs have been shown to play a role in diseases such as cancer. Because many ERVs are not expressed in the most widely used cell models, and they do not exist in mouse, scientists do not yet fully understand their function. The researchers now showed that a part of the ERVs which functions as activator can be used to identify cells that show expression of these ERV families. Such cells might overcome the limitations of current cell models to study the role and function of ERVs in development and disease.
“These are fascinating findings as the embryonic cells that express these ERV-derived RNAs are fundamental to the human life cycle. Now the big question is what they are actually doing.” said Dr Guillaume Bourque, associate professor at the McGill University in Canada, who has worked on ERVs himself for many years. “From research with human embryonic stem cells, we know that ERVs have become essential, so it is quite likely that the ERVs described in this study contribute in a number of ways to human development.”
“This is a very exciting study,” said Prof Huck-Hui Ng, executive director of the GIS. “The results open up many new opportunities to better understand why and how embryonic cells are different from adult cells, and what role these newly discovered ERV-genes play. Some ERVs may even be involved in the formation of diseases, such as cancer.”
Dr Göke’s team at the GIS plans to take their research further. “We are now developing new algorithms that will help us identify additional ERVs in the human genome, and we try to isolate cells that express these ERV-RNAs. This way we will be able to study their function and how they contribute to human diseases”.
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